Iannis Xenakis

Iannis Xenakis brought architecture, mathematics, and physical force into 20th-century classical music. Born in Greece and active in France, he wrote orchestral, electronic, chamber, and spatial works that treat sound as mass, probability, and movement. Pieces such as Metastaseis, Pithoprakta, Persephassa, and La légende d’Eer remain central to postwar modernism.